Preheat the oven to 350°F. Spray two 9-inch round cake pans with cooking spray, brush evenly, line the bottoms with parchment rounds, and lightly grease the parchment; set pans aside.
In a large bowl, whisk together the milk, egg whites, vanilla extract, and optional almond extract until combined; set aside.
In a separate bowl, whisk the cake flour, baking powder, and 1/2 teaspoon fine sea salt until evenly combined; set aside.
In the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with the paddle (or using a large bowl and electric hand mixer), beat 3/4 cup room-temperature butter and 1 3/4 cups granulated sugar on medium speed until light and fluffy, about 3 minutes, scraping the bowl as needed.
Add half of the dry flour mixture to the butter-sugar and beat briefly until just incorporated; scrape the bowl.
Add half of the milk-and-egg-white mixture and beat briefly until just incorporated; scrape the bowl.
Add the remaining flour mixture and beat briefly until just incorporated; scrape the bowl.
Add the remaining milk mixture and beat briefly until the batter is just combined and smooth; scrape the bowl once more.
Divide the batter evenly between the prepared pans (by weight or using a scoop) and smooth the tops.
Bake 20–25 minutes, until a toothpick inserted in the centers comes out mostly clean with a few crumbs; avoid excessive browning.
Cool the pans on a wire rack for 10 minutes, then turn the cakes out and cool completely on the rack, at least 2 hours.
For the buttercream, beat 1 1/2 cups softened unsalted butter on medium until smooth in a stand mixer or with a hand mixer.
Reduce speed to low and add the sifted confectioners' sugar in spoonfuls, incorporating each addition fully before adding more; scrape as needed.
Add 1 teaspoon fine sea salt, 1 1/2 teaspoons vanilla extract, 1 1/2 teaspoons almond extract (if using), and 3 tablespoons milk; beat on medium-low until combined.
Increase speed to medium-high and whip the frosting for 3 minutes until very light and fluffy.
If the cake layers have domes, level them carefully so they are flat.
Place a tablespoon of buttercream on your cake board or plate to anchor the cake. Put one layer bottom-side down, spread 1 cup buttercream evenly to the edge, then invert the second layer and place it top-side down onto the filling.
Reserve about 1 cup buttercream in a separate bowl for the crumb coat. Use the remaining buttercream to apply a thin crumb coat over the assembled cake, smoothing to cover completely.
Chill the cake at least 2 hours (or overnight) so the crumb coat sets.
After chilling, frost the outside of the cake with the remaining buttercream as desired and optionally decorate with sprinkles.