Preheat the oven to 400°F (200°C) and grease an 8-inch square baking pan with nonstick spray or butter.
In a small bowl, rub the lemon zest into the 1/4 cup granulated sugar with your fingers until the sugar is moist and fragrant.
In a medium bowl, whisk together 1 1/2 cups flour, 2 1/2 teaspoons baking powder, and 1/2 teaspoon salt; then stir in the lemon-scented sugar mixture.
Add the melted 1/3 cup butter, 1 large egg, 2/3 cup milk, and 1 teaspoon vanilla to the dry ingredients and mix until just combined into a smooth batter.
Spread half of the batter evenly into the prepared pan. Spoon the 3/4 cup blueberry preserves over the batter and spread gently.
Drop or spread the remaining batter over the preserves, smoothing the top as evenly as possible.
Make the topping: combine 1/4 cup packed brown sugar, 1/4 cup finely chopped almonds, 2 tablespoons flour, and 1 tablespoon cold butter; mix with a fork until crumbly.
Sprinkle the crumb topping evenly over the cake and bake for 20–25 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean or with a few moist crumbs.
Allow the cake to cool in the pan on a wire rack before slicing and serving.