Preheat the oven to 375°F and lightly spray a 9 x 13-inch baking dish; set aside.
Heat the olive oil in a large frying pan over medium-high heat. Add the diced onion and cook until softened, about 3–4 minutes.
Add the minced garlic to the pan and cook until fragrant and just starting to brown, about 30–60 seconds; transfer the onion and garlic to the prepared baking dish.
In the same pan over medium-high heat, add the ground beef and cook until no longer pink, breaking it into crumbles as it cooks; avoid overbrowning.
Drain off excess grease from the cooked beef and add the beef to the baking dish with the onion and garlic.
Add the drained corn, drained black beans, taco seasoning, salsa, uncooked minute rice, and 1 cup of the shredded Mexican cheese to the baking dish; stir until evenly combined.
Pour the low-sodium chicken broth evenly over the mixture and stir once to distribute the liquid.
Cover the dish tightly with foil and bake at 375°F for 30–35 minutes, until the rice is tender; check at 35 minutes and bake up to 5 additional minutes if needed.
When the rice is tender, remove the foil, sprinkle the remaining 1 cup of shredded cheese evenly over the top, and bake uncovered for 5 minutes more to melt the cheese.
Remove from the oven and serve hot.